Hepatitis A
Causative agent
Virus
Affects the liver
Symptomatic 2-6 weeks after exposure
Speaker notes: Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. Symptoms of hepatitis A include dark-colored urine, pale stools, chronic fatigue (with no other explanation), itching, anorexia (loss of appetite) and nausea, fever, vomiting, and jaundice. The symptoms usually present manifest 2-6 weeks after the initial exposure (Zieve 2011). To test for the disease, the doctor may test for raised IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A and elevated liver enzymes through liver function tests (Zieve 2011). Persons in high-risk occupations may wish to be periodically tested.
Reservoir
Food and water
Stool and blood
Sexual contact
Speaker notes: Disease reservoirs for hepatitis A include food that has been contaminated by the feces of carriers of the disease; contaminated water or ice; direct contact with stool or blood of persons with the disease; and sexual contact. To protect against food-borne transmission requires careful hand-washing, and the use of clean, sanitary water when growing or washing food or storing food in ice. Careful hand-washing is also required to ensure contact does not occur through touching other contaminated objects. To prevent sexual transmission, condoms are required. Because the disease can be transmitted through blood, IV drug users are also at great risk.
Slide 3: Portal of exit
Through fluids: feces or semen
Refraining from contact is essential
Hand-washing
Speaker notes: The primary portals of exit of hepatitis A are through fluids — either feces or semen. Persons who are currently infected with hepatitis A should take precautions to avoid the spread of the virus to other people. It should be noted that given the status of being positive for the virus is not permanent and over 85% of infected persons recover within three months, refraining from high-risk contact is a reasonable and not particularly onerous precaution to take (Zieve 2011).
Infected persons should refrain from sexual conduct or inform their sexual partners and wear condoms. Even if not infected, all workers in contact with the public such as food service workers and healthcare professionals should engage in frequent hand-washing. They may be unaware that they are infected. Although it is considered the least ‘serious’ form of hepatitis infection, the 3,600 cases of hepatitis A that are reported annually likely reflects underreporting, given that the disease is often symptomatic (Zieve 2011). Also, by touching affected areas, they may spread the disease even if they not a carrier, if they touch the broken skin of someone or come in contact with infected food or water. IV drug users should not share needles. All unused food and medical waste should be properly disposed of and not reused or left lying around, where persons can come in contact with the infection unwittingly.
Slide 4: Mode of transmission
Food service, intercourse, and IV drug use are the most direct methods of transmission
Many carriers are asymptomatic
Speaker notes: Food, sexual practices, and IV drug use are the major modes of transmission. Given this, it is wise for all persons to wash their hands after coming into contact with someone else’s bodily fluids (Zieve 2011). Even if asymptomatic, the person may still be a carrier. Avoiding potentially contaminated food and water is also essential. This includes the water that may have been used to wash fruit and vegetables, as well as seemingly innocent ice cubes in drinks. When traveling abroad, relying upon bottled water is suggested (Zieve 2011). To avoid the transmission of fluids by air, good ventilation and proper air filtration in healthcare settings and in kitchens and dining halls is also suggested.
Slide 5: Portals of entry
Oral (ingestion)
Intercourse and needle-sharing (semen and blood)
Being in an environment where bodily fluids are often exchanged
Speaker notes: Common portals of entry include eating contaminated food or water (ingestion); exchanging bodily fluids through needle-sharing or sexual practices; living in a nursing home, rehabilitation center, or having an extended hospital stay, or being in a profession which requires close contact with other persons, such as healthcare, food, sewage, or daycare. Because of the difficulty of controlling one’s food and water purity, frequent international travel also places one at high risk, where sanitary practices may be less carefully observed (Zieve 2011). Patients with frequent wounds (such as hemophiliacs) or patients with conditions which require them to use catheters (like dialysis) are also at much greater risk, as are the persons who care for them. Using disposable medical devices; proper hand-washing with hot water and soap; using gloves; guarding against potential ‘puncture’ wounds are necessary in a healthcare environment. In a food service environment, frequent hand-washing is also required; responsible sourcing of foods and disposal of potentially contaminated food; and educating all workers in proper food sanitation is demanded.
Travelers should avoid street food and diners should eat food that is properly prepared: food should be properly chilled or cooked. Undercooked or raw meat and fish should be avoided. Boiling water for one minute or more kills the virus and can be used as an alternative source of decontamination if no bottled water is available (Zieve 2011).
Slide 6: Susceptible host
Persons in high-risk occupations should be vaccinated
Vaccines also suggested for persons likely to suffer complications
Speaker notes: For persons in high-risk occupations; persons who are in relationships with known carriers; and persons with compromised immune symptoms vaccinations are available. Healthcare workers, IV drug users, and food service personnel are at the highest level of occupationally-related risk. The elderly or persons with compromised immune systems or liver are at greatest risk for suffering complications from hepatitis A, which is considered to be the ‘mildest’ form of hepatitis. Vaccines are protective after four months, and are then followed by six-month or yearly booster shots to provide longer protection (Zieve 2011).
There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A, once it is contracted, although infected persons should be medically supervised. However, it can cause acute liver failure, which can be fatal, so patients should be under the treatment of a physician when identified as infected and monitored until they no longer test positive (Hepatitis A, 2012, WHO).
Reference
Hepatitis A (2013). World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/
Zieve, David. (2011). Hepatitis A PubMed Health. A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia.
Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001323/
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
